Knee replacement surgery—also known as knee arthroplasty—is a medical procedure that helps people who suffer from severe knee pain and joint damage, usually caused by arthritis or injury. It’s one of the most common and successful types of joint replacement surgeries, offering relief to millions of patients around the world.
If your knee pain limits your daily life and no longer responds to medications or physical therapy, knee replacement may be the next step. But what exactly does the procedure involve? Here’s what you need to know.
Understanding the Knee Joint
The knee is the largest joint in the body. It connects the thigh bone (femur) to the shinbone (tibia) and includes the kneecap (patella) in the front. Healthy knees are covered with a smooth cartilage surface that allows easy, pain-free movement.
But over time—or due to injury, disease, or wear—this cartilage can wear down. The result is pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced mobility. When the damage is too severe to be managed with conservative treatments, doctors may recommend surgery.
What Is Knee Replacement?
Knee replacement surgery involves removing the damaged surfaces of the knee joint and replacing them with artificial components made of metal and medical-grade plastic. These artificial parts restore smooth movement and reduce or eliminate pain.
There are two main types:
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Total Knee Replacement (TKR) – Replaces all three compartments of the knee.
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Partial Knee Replacement (PKR) – Replaces only the damaged part, preserving healthy bone and ligaments.
Most patients who undergo surgery receive a total knee replacement, especially when arthritis or damage affects the whole joint.
Who Needs Knee Replacement?
Knee replacement is typically recommended when:
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You experience constant knee pain, even at rest.
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Your movement is limited, and everyday tasks like walking, climbing stairs, or standing are difficult.
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Your knee is swollen or stiff frequently.
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Non-surgical treatments such as medications, injections, or physical therapy no longer provide relief.
The most common reason for surgery is osteoarthritis, a condition where the cartilage in the joint breaks down over time. It can also help people with rheumatoid arthritis, post-traumatic arthritis, or injuries like fractures or torn ligaments that lead to joint damage.
What Happens During the Surgery?
Knee replacement surgery usually takes 1 to 2 hours. It is performed under general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia (you’re awake but don’t feel pain).
Here’s a step-by-step overview:
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The surgeon makes an incision on the front of the knee.
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Damaged cartilage and bone are carefully removed.
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The artificial joint components are positioned and secured.
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The incision is closed with stitches or staples.
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A bandage is applied, and the patient is taken to a recovery room.
Most patients stay in the hospital for 1–3 days, depending on their condition and how quickly they recover.
Recovery and Rehabilitation
Recovery is a gradual process, but it begins immediately. Physical therapy usually starts within 24 hours after surgery to help the knee regain strength, flexibility, and motion.
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First few weeks: Walking aids like a walker or crutches are used. Exercises focus on range of motion and strengthening.
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4–6 weeks: Many people return to normal routines, including light household tasks or office work.
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3–6 months: Most patients experience major improvements in pain and movement.
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1 year: Full recovery is usually complete.
Sticking to the physical therapy program and following the surgeon’s instructions are key to a successful outcome.
Are There Risks?
Like all surgeries, knee replacement carries some risks, although complications are rare. These may include:
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Infection
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Blood clots
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Nerve or blood vessel injury
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Implant loosening or wear over time
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Stiffness or limited movement
Most people, however, go on to enjoy years of improved mobility and a better quality of life.
How Long Does It Last?
Modern knee implants can last 15–20 years or longer, especially if you avoid high-impact activities. If a replacement wears out or fails, a revision surgery can be done to replace the artificial parts.
Final Thoughts
Knee replacement surgery is not just about fixing a joint—it’s about getting your life back. For many people, it means walking without pain, returning to favorite activities, and regaining independence.
If you’re considering knee replacement, speak to an orthopedic surgeon. With the right care, the procedure can offer long-term relief, restored movement, and a renewed sense of freedom.